What are the crucial problems encountered in pipeline in oil and gas industry?

Maintaining the pipline. They use a robot called a ';Pig'; to clean them out.What are the crucial problems encountered in pipeline in oil and gas industry?
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What are the crucial problems encountered in pipeline in oil and gas industry?
The crucial problem is not well defined but there are so many technical issues regarding this


1. improvement of metering accuracy .


2. reduction of hazards associated with oil and gas


3. wax deposition within pipe lines %26amp; their cleanup.


4. limited availability of longitudinally welded large diameter pipes.


5. survielence of crosscountry pipe lines


and so on
leaks, and plug-gage.





卢驴卢
the biggest problem is political. it is not a small project puling pipelines from one country to another. so the negotiations between states, their terms and conditions, their costs, diplomacy...............state-craft, in brief is the biggest problem.





the second problem, would be more technical, and that is the material used for the pipeline, and the maintenance for it. usually pipelines are ensured, but, the costs of repairs, maintenance and the need to ensure quality of material is most challenging.
The material of construction of a pipeline depends upon various factors such as :-





1....The type of fluid to be carried - Its Temperature, Pressure, Corrosive and Erosive Properties and the life expectancy of the Pipeline 鈥?etc.





2.....The Thickness of pipe material depends upon the maximum expected Pressure of the transported fluid and, again, its corrosive and erosive properties and the life expectancy of the Pipeline 鈥?etc.





An important factor in material selection is, of course, the COST. However, the selection should put SAFETY before cost.





Other factors to be considered in pipeline construction are; -the weight of the pipe with its contents and the fittings, the thermal expansion due to internal and external temperatures and the erosive and corrosive conditions of the environment through which the pipeline is passing - i.e. whether it is above or under the ground or in water ..etc. Factors of this nature also govern the protection of the pipe material - coating types, wrapping, lagging and Corrosion Protection methods (CP). In many cases, a Corrosion Inhibitor is injected into the fluid as it enters the pipeline.





Where a pipeline is carrying very hot or very cold materials, it should be lagged with a suitable material which prevents heat loss or heat gain and help to protect personnel from burns - (a cold burn can be just as painful as a heat burn).


Also, liquids which have a high viscosity are usually transported in lagged piping and may also have steam or electrical 'tracing' running inside the lagging to maintain the liquid fluidity.





Also in hot or cold systems, such as steam or very cold fluids, the pipeline is constructed with 'Expansion Loops' which allow the length of the pipeline to vary as the temperature varies. The pipe will also be supported by 'rolling' type devices which will allow the expansion and contraction to take place with little or no friction between the support and the pipe - thus preventing external wear.